See factsheet for specific scientific findings and a full list of references.
NR increases NAD+ levels to prevent, delay, or improve NAD+ dependent ageing mechanisms influencing the seven diseases of aging. NR is one of the most researched and well understood NAD+ precursors (along with NMN), with multiple clinical trials demonstrating its action across multiple body systems.
NAD+ is an essential redox coenzyme central to energy production, metabolic homeostasis and mitochondrial energy metabolism, and the required substrate for sirtuin activity, where benefits depend on optimal NAD+.
As NAD+ naturally declines with age, driven by factors including oxidative stress, inflammation, metabolic stress and DNA damage, maintaining optimal levels supports the hundreds of enzymatic reactions and pathways that depend on it, from energy metabolism and DNA repair to mitochondrial function, biogenesis and overall homeostasis.
Healthy Ageing
- NR may provide protection against diseases of ageing and diseases characterised by inflammation through its ability to effectively raise NAD+ levels.
- NAD+ has a fundamental role in the central metabolic pathway and the formation of ATP.
- Cognitive decline is associated with oxidative stress and DNA damage.
- NAD depletion is implicated in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, cardiovascular disease and neuromuscular diseases in animal models.
- NR shown to decrease aortic stiffness and systolic blood pressure (SBP) when compared to placebo.
- NR increased mitochondrial respiration and reduced ROS production for enhanced cardiac function.
- NR shown to increase cerebral NAD levels and animal studies indicate a potential role for NR in the prevention of cognitive decline.
- Orally administered NR shown to slow axon degeneration and protect against loss of dopamine neurons in Parkinson’s Disease via modulating peripheral myelination.
- NR is shown to increase mitochondrial metabolism and protect against mitochondrial DNA damage in the kidneys.
- NR demonstrates potential to stabilise bone density by promoting osteoblast maturation and inhibiting overactivation of osteoclasts.
- NR preserves skin elasticity, epidermal thickness and enhances wound healing by promoting collagen production and upgregulating cellular turnover and regenerative capacity.
- In animal models, NR slowed extracellular matrix degradation and reduced hyperpigmentation.
- NR stimulates mitochondrial morphology and mitophagy, preserving ocular longevity, neuromotor activity and eye coordination.
Metabolism and Energy Optimisation
- Obesity is associated with declining levels of NAD+.
- Metabolic disorders (including obesity and T2DM) are associated with a reduced expression of the NAD+ dependent enzymes SIRT1 and 2 due to insufficient quantities of NAD+.
- Upregulation of NAD+ synthesis can influence metabolic processes regulated by sirtuins.
- Supplementation of NR in healthy overweight/obese participants resulted in increased metabolism of lipids and reduced fat mass.
- NR improves mitochondrial function and reverses muscular atrophy to reduce fatigue and increase endurance, strength and overall exercise performance.
- Animal studies demonstrate NR’s role in improving cellular resilience to physiological stress.
- NR supplementation improves resistance to fatigue in older individuals.
- NR upregulates insulin production and sensitivity as well as enhances fatty acid oxidation and citric acid cycle activity to improve glucose and cholesterol metabolism.
Antioxidant support
- The reduced form of NAD+, NADPH, is an essential coenzyme for several major antioxidants including glutathione.
- A study of healthy older men found supplementation of NR reduced the expression of circulating inflammatory cytokines and reduced oxidative species (ROS) particularly in the lungs, liver and blood vessels.